The continuing practice in which a person with privilege and power seeks to learn about the experience of marginalised individuals/groups. Typically done by building relationships based on trust, consistency and accountability.

Closely related to opportunity gap or learning gap. Refers to the significant difference in academic outcomes or educational attainment between diverse groups.

British Medical Association- the trade union for doctors in the UK.

Making the perspectives of socially marginalised groups, rather than those of people belonging to dominant race or culture, the central axis around which discourse on a topic revolves.

Digging beneath the surface of information to develop deeper understandings of concepts, relationships, and personal biases.

Terms used to describe and advocate for fair treatment, opportunity and outcome for all. It aims to eradicate prejudice and discrimination on the basis of an individual/group’s protected characteristics.

Justice according to natural law or right, specifically: freedom from bias or favouritism

Ways of knowing that result from critical analysis of one's personal experiences.

As outlined by the General Medical Council in Good Medical Practice, it demands that doctors be safe clinicians, respectful of patient autonomy, act responsibly, treat patients and colleagues without discrimination and behave with integrity.

Colloquially referred to as Fitness to Study. As per General Medical Council/Medical School Council 'Achieving Good Medical Practice guidance, this calls for medical students to display standards of professional behaviour expected of those joining a regulated profession.

General Medical Council- the national regulatory body for doctors in the UK.

International Medical Graduate- a doctor that has gained their primary medical qualification outside the UK.

This refers to the operation of personal stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.

This refers to the intentional or unintentional toleration of institutional policies and procedures that restrict the opportunities of a particular group.

A theory first described by Kimberlé Crenshaw that exposes he complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, ovelap or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or group.

Less Than Full Time is used to describe doctors in training who work 50-80% of usual full-time working hours.

Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioural, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of colour.

National Health Service- Government funded healthcare services available in the UK.

Reference to the historic existence of closed informal systems by which money and power are retained by wealthy white men. These are not necessarily malicious, but these networks can prevent women & minorities from becoming successful.

The nature of racism in post–civil rights society: that is, integral and normal rather than aberrational.

Whereby individuals or groups are labelled as not fitting in within the norms of a social group. To be othered is for your perceived identity to be at odds with your group.

Prioritising the study of racial influences on outcomes.

A special right, advantage, or immunity available only to a particular person or group.

The art (i.e., practice) and science (i.e., research) of protecting and improving the health of communities.

Explicit acknowledgment of the workings of race and racism in social contexts or in one's personal life.

Rooted in beliefs about group differences that are assumed to reflect biological differences and hierarchy/value.

Sometimes called biological racism, this pseudoscientific belief accepts that certain races are inherently more intelligent than others.

There are 23 Royal Medical Colleges and Faculties in the UK. These ensure that patients are safely and properly cared for by setting standards for the way doctors are educated, trained and monitored throughout their careers.

The endowment of a group or concept with a delineation, name, or reality based on historical, contextual, political, or other social considerations.

Justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.

Unconscious biases are social stereotypes about certain groups of people that individuals form outside their own conscious awareness. Everyone holds unconscious beliefs about various social and identity groups, and these biases stem from one’s tendency to organize social worlds by categorisation. Certain scenarios and environments can activate unconscious attitudes and beliefs. For example, they are more prevalent when multitasking or working under time pressure.

The weathering hypothesis was first proposed by Arline Geronimus in 1992. It holds that African American women's health deteriorates in early adulthood as a result of their cumulative exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage. This definition now extends to the constant stressors of racial and gender inequality that leads.

Workforce Race and Equality Standard. A mandatory self-assessment carried out by NHS organisations since 2015 with the purpose of identifying and spurring action to close gaps in workplace inequalities between BAME and white staff.

Fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign.